A computer mouse with the most common standard features: two buttons and a
scroll wheel, which can also act as a third button.
In computing, a mouse is a pointing
device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its
supporting surface. Physically, a mouse consists of an object held under one of
the user's hands, with one or more buttons.
The mouse sometimes features other elements, such as "wheels",
which allow the user to perform various system-dependent operations, or extra
buttons or features that can add more control or dimensional input. The mouse's
motion typically translates into the motion of a pointer on a display,
which allows for fine control of a graphical user interface.
Naming
The earliest known publication of the term mouse as a computer
pointing device is in Bill English's 1965 publication
"Computer-Aided Display Control". A false
etymology exists, claiming "mouse" is an acronym for
"Manually Operated User Selection Equipment".
The online Oxford Dictionaries entry for mouse states the
plural for the small rodent is mice, while the plural for the small
computer connected device is either mice or mouses. However, in
the use section of the entry it states that the more common plural is mice,
and that the first recorded use of the term in the plural is mice as
well (though it cites a 1984 use of mice when there were actually
several earlier ones). The term mice was seen in print in "The Computer as a Communication
Device", written by J. C. R. Licklider in 1968.
The fourth edition of The American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language endorses both computer
mice and computer mouses as correct plural forms for computer
mouse. Some authors of technical documents may prefer either mouse
devices or the more generic pointing devices. The plural mouses
treats mouse as a "headless noun".
Early mice
Early mouse patents. From left to right: Opposing track wheels by
Engelbart, Nov. 1970, U.S.
Patent 3,541,541. Ball and wheel by Rider, Sept. 1974, U.S. Patent 3,835,464. Ball
and two rollers with spring by Opocensky, Oct. 1976, U.S. Patent 3,987,685
The world's first trackball invented by Tom Cranston, Fred Longstaff and Kenyon
Taylor working on the Royal Canadian Navy's DATAR project in
1952. It used a standard Canadian five-pin
bowling ball.
The trackball,
a related pointing device, was invented by Tom Cranston, Fred Longstaff and Kenyon
Taylor working on the Royal Canadian Navy's DATAR project in
1952. It used a standard Canadian five-pin
bowling ball. It was not patented, as it was a secret military project.
Independently, Douglas Engelbart at the Stanford Research
Institute (now SRI International) invented the first mouse
prototype in 1963, with the assistance of his lead engineer Bill English. They christened
the device the mouse as early models had a cord attached to the rear
part of the device looking like a tail and generally resembling the common mouse. Engelbart
never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent, which
ran out before it became widely used in personal computers. The invention of
the mouse was just a small part of Engelbart's much larger project, aimed at
augmenting human intellect via the Augmentation Research Center.
The first computer mouse, held by inventor Douglas
Engelbart, showing the wheels that make contact with the working surface
Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's
oN-Line System (NLS) exploited different body
movements – for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or
nose – but ultimately the mouse won out because of its speed and
convenience. The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two wheels perpendicular
to each other: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one axis.
Engelbart received patent US3,541,541 on November 17, 1970 for an "X-Y
Position Indicator for a Display System". At the time, Engelbart
envisaged that users would hold the mouse continuously in one hand and type on
a five-key chord keyset with the other. The concept was
preceded in the 19th century by the telautograph,
which also anticipated the fax machine.
Just a few weeks before Engelbart released his demo in 1968, a mouse was
released that had already been developed and published by the German company Telefunken.
Unlike Engelbart's mouse, the Telefunken model had a ball, as seen in most
later models up to the present. From 1970, it was shipped and sold together
with Telefunken Computers. Some models from the year 1972 are still well
preserved.
The second marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a
computer and intended for personal computer navigation came with the Xerox 8010
Star Information System in 1981. However, the mouse remained relatively
obscure until the 1984 appearance of the Macintosh
128K, which included an updated version of the original Lisa Mouse. In 1982, Microsoft
made the decision to make the MS-DOS program Microsoft
Word mouse-compatible and developed the first PC-compatible mouse.
Microsoft's mouse shipped in 1983, thus beginning Microsoft Hardware. In 1984 PC columnist John
C. Dvorak stated the mouse as a reason the Macintosh would fail.
Variants
Mechanical mice
 Operating an opto-mechanical mouse. |
German company Telefunken published on their early ball mouse called
"Rollkugel" (German for "rolling ball"), on October 2,
1968. Telefunken's mouse was then sold commercially as optional equipment for
their TR-440 computer, which was first
marketed in 1968. Telefunken did not apply for a patent on their device. Bill English, builder of
Engelbart's original mouse, created a ball mouse in 1972 while working for Xerox
PARC.
The ball mouse replaced the external wheels with a single ball that could
rotate in any direction. It came as part of the hardware package of the Xerox Alto
computer. Perpendicular chopper wheels housed inside the mouse's body
chopped beams of light on the way to light sensors, thus detecting in their
turn the motion of the ball. This variant of the mouse resembled an inverted trackball and
became the predominant form used with personal
computers throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The Xerox PARC group also settled
on the modern technique of using both hands to type on a full-size keyboard and
grabbing the mouse when required.
Mechanical mouse, shown with the top cover removed. The scroll wheel is
grey, to the right of the ball.
The ball mouse has two freely rotating rollers. They are located 90 degrees
apart. One roller detects the forward–backward motion of the mouse and other
the left–right motion. Opposite the two rollers is a third one (white, in the
photo, at 45 degrees) that is spring-loaded to push the ball against the other
two rollers. Each roller is on the same shaft as an encoder wheel that has slotted edges; the slots
interrupt infrared light beams to generate electrical pulses that represent
wheel movement. Each wheel's disc, however, has a pair of light beams, located
so that a given beam becomes interrupted, or again starts to pass light freely,
when the other beam of the pair is about halfway between changes.
Simple logic circuits interpret the relative timing to indicate which
direction the wheel is rotating. This incremental rotary encoder scheme is sometimes
called quadrature encoding of the wheel rotation, as the two optical sensor
produce signals that are in approximately quadrature
phase. The mouse sends these signals to the computer system via the mouse
cable, directly as logic signals in very old mice such as the Xerox mice, and
via a data-formatting IC in moern mice. The driver software in the system
converts the signals into motion of the mouse cursor along X and Y axes on the
computer screen.
Hawley Mark II Mice from the Mouse House
The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The
weight of the ball, given an appropriate working surface under the mouse,
provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is transmitted accurately.
Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley, doing
business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, starting in 1975. Based on
another invention by Jack Hawley, proprietor of the Mouse House, Honeywell
produced another type of mechanical mouse. Instead of a ball, it had two wheels
rotating at off axes. Key Tronic later produced a similar product.
Modern computer mice took form at the École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL) under the inspiration of Professor Jean-Daniel Nicoud and at the hands of engineer and watchmaker André
Guignard. This new design incorporated a single hard rubber mouseball and
three buttons, and remained a common design until the mainstream adoption of
the scroll-wheel mouse during the 1990s. In 1985, René
Sommer added a microprocessor to Nicoud's and Guignard's design. Through this
innovation, Sommer is credited with inventing a significant component of the mouse,
which made it more "intelligent;" though optical mice from Mouse
Systems had incorporated microprocessors by 1984.
Another type of mechanical mouse, the "analog mouse" (now
generally regarded as obsolete), uses potentiometers
rather than encoder wheels, and is typically designed to be plug
compatible with an analog joystick. The "Color Mouse", originally
marketed by RadioShack
for their Color Computer (but also usable on MS-DOS machines
equipped with analog joystick ports, provided the software accepted joystick
input) was the best-known example.
Optical and laser mice
A wireless optical mouse on a mousepad
A standard wireless mouse and its connector
Main article: Optical mouse
Optical mice make use of one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and an imaging
array of photodiodes
to detect movement relative to the underlying surface, rather than internal
moving parts as does a mechanical mouse. A laser mouse is an optical mouse that
uses coherent (laser) light.
The earliest optical mice detected movement on pre-printed mousepad
surfaces, whereas the modern optical mouse works on most opaque surfaces; it is
unable to detect movement on specular surfaces like glass. Laser diodes are
also used for better resolution and precision. Battery powered, wireless
optical mice flash the LED intermittently to save power, and only glow steadily
when movement is detected.
Inertial and gyroscopic mice
Often called "air mice" since they do not require a surface to
operate, inertial mice use a tuning fork or other accelerometer
(US Patent 4787051,
published in 1988) to detect rotary movement for every axis supported. The most
common models (manufactured by Logitech and Gyration) work using 2 degrees of
rotational freedom and are insensitive to spatial translation. The user
requires only small wrist rotations to move the cursor, reducing user fatigue
or "gorilla
arm".
Usually cordless, they often have a switch to deactivate the movement
circuitry between use, allowing the user freedom of movement without affecting
the cursor position. A patent for an inertial mouse claims that such mice
consume less power than optically based mice, and offer increased sensitivity,
reduced weight and increased ease-of-use. In combination with a wireless keyboard an
inertial mouse can offer alternative ergonomic arrangements which do not
require a flat work surface, potentially alleviating some types of repetitive
motion injuries related to workstation posture.
3D mice
Also known as bats, flying mice, or wands, these devices generally function
through ultrasound and provide at least three degrees of freedom. Probably the
best known example would be 3Dconnexion/Logitech's SpaceMouse from the early 1990s.
In the late 1990s Kantek introduced the 3D RingMouse. This wireless mouse was
worn on a ring around a finger, which enabled the thumb to access three
buttons. The mouse was tracked in three dimensions by a base station. Despite a
certain appeal, it was finally discontinued because it did not provide
sufficient resolution.
A recent consumer 3D pointing device is the Wii Remote.
While primarily a motion-sensing device (that is, it can determine its
orientation and direction of movement), Wii Remote can also detect its spatial
position by comparing the distance and position of the lights from the IR emitter
using its integrated IR camera (since the nunchuk
accessory lacks a camera, it can only tell its current heading and
orientation). The obvious drawback to this approach is that it can only produce
spatial coordinates while its camera can see the sensor bar.
A mouse-related controller called the SpaceBall has a ball placed above the
work surface that can easily be gripped. With spring-loaded centering, it sends
both translational as well as angular displacements on all six axes, in both
directions for each. In November 2010 a German Company called Axsotic
introduced a new concept of 3D mouse called 3D Spheric Mouse. This new concept
of a true six degree-of-freedom input device uses a ball to rotate in 3 axes
without any limitations.
Tactile mice
In 2000, Logitech
introduced a "tactile mouse" that contained a small actuator to
make the mouse vibrate. Such a mouse can augment user-interfaces with haptic
feedback, such as giving feedback when crossing a window boundary. To surf by touch requires the
user to be able to feel depth or hardness; this ability was realized with the
first electrorheological tactile mice but never marketed.
Ergonomic mice
As the name suggests, this type of mouse is intended to provide optimum
comfort and avoid injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis and
other repetitive strain injuries. It is designed
to fit natural hand position and movements, to reduce discomfort.
Gaming mice
These mice are specifically designed for use in computer games.
They typically employ a wide array of controls and buttons and have designs
that differ radically from traditional mice. It is also common for gaming mice,
especially those designed for use in real-time strategy games such as StarCraft
or League of Legends, to have a relatively high
sensitivity, measured in dots per inch (DPI). Some advanced mice from gaming
manufacturers also allow users to customize the weight of the mouse by adding
or subtracting weights to allow for easier control. Ergonomic quality is also
an important factor in gaming mice, as extended gameplay times may render
further use of the mouse to be uncomfortable.
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